Why Both Partners Should Be Evaluated
Male factors contribute to a significant share of infertility, alone or in combination with female factors. Evaluating both partners early avoids missing reversible or treatable causes.
Semen Analysis
A semen analysis assesses volume, concentration, motility, and morphology, using WHO reference ranges. A single abnormal result is often repeated because values vary between samples.
Additional Testing
- Hormonal panel — testosterone, FSH, LH, prolactin.
- Scrotal ultrasound when anatomical causes are suspected.
- Genetic testing for severe oligospermia or azoospermia.
- Specialized tests such as sperm DNA fragmentation in select cases.
Common Causes
Varicocele, hormonal imbalances, genetic factors, prior infections or surgery, environmental and lifestyle factors (heat, certain medications, anabolic steroids, smoking, heavy alcohol use, obesity), and prior chemotherapy or radiation.
How Results Inform Treatment
Results guide whether lifestyle changes, medical or surgical treatment, IUI, IVF with ICSI, surgical sperm retrieval, or donor sperm may be appropriate. Decisions are individualized and made with both partners. Related reading on this site: male infertility treatment options, IVF vs. IUI, and the standard fertility workup.
Further Reading
For deeper educational information on male reproductive and sexual health topics that can affect conception, including erectile or ejaculatory dysfunction, an independent patient-education resource is available. See our Network & Editorial Disclosure.
